Chapter 7

Batch Processing:	Accumulating transactions and feeding them into a computer in large batches	When copying files from one drive to another and many files are transferred at the same time
Browse:	The process of finding information in a database or other data source, such as the World Wide Web.	Browsing the internet with Internet Explorer
Centralized Database:	A database housed in a mainframe computer, accessible only to information-processing personnel.	Hard drives that store the customer’s details.
Client/Server:	Client programs in desktop computers send information requests through a network to server databases on mainframes, minicomputers, or desktop computers; the servers process queries and send the requested data back to the client.	Spreadsheets that hold information about clients such as address and names
Computer Fields:	In a database, a field containing formulas similar to spreadsheet formulas; they display values calculated from values in other numeric fields.	Age calculated based on current date minus birthyear
Data Mining:	The discovery and extraction of hidden predictive in formation from large databases.	Ctrl + F
Data Scrubbing (Data Cleansing):	The process of going through a database and eliminating records that contain errors.	Deleting certain records from a customer database
Data Warehouse:	An integrated collection of corporate data stored in one location.	Servers hold databases with all the client data stored in databases
Database:	A collection of information stored in an organized form in a computer.	Student Database with all the names, DOBs, Addresses,...
Database-Management System (DBMS):	A program or system of programs that can manipulate data in a large collection of files (the data base), cross-referencing between files as needed.	Microsoft Access
Database Program:	A software tool for organizing the storage and retrieval of the information in a database.	Microsoft Access
Dirty Data:	Data records with spelling mistakes, incorrect or obsolete values, or other errors.	Adam Gasdasdaierc
Distributed Database:	Data strewn out across networks on several different computers.	Torrent downloads
Export Data:	Transmitting records and fields from a database program to another program.	Sharing client records between stores
Field:	Each discrete chunk of information in a database record.	Name, DOB
Geographical Information System (GIS):	A specialized database that combines tables of data with demographic information and displays geographic and demographic data on maps.	Google earth (photo and location)
Identity Theft:	The crime, committed by hackers or other unscrupulous individuals, of obtaining enough information about a person to assume his or her identity, often as a prelude to illegally using the victim's credit cards.	Stealing another persons ID card, Passport, and therefore identity
Import Data:	To move data into a program from another program or source.	Importing pdf documents into word
Interactive Processing:	Interacting with data through terminals, viewing and changing values online in real time.
Object-Oriented Database:	Instead of storing records in tables and hierarchies, stores software objects that contain procedures (or instructions) with data.	Storing images according to location
Personal information manager (PIM):	A specialized database program that automates an address/phone book, an appointment calendar, a to-do list, and miscellaneous notes. Also called an electronic organizer.	Contacts on the iPhone
Privacy:	Freedom from unauthorized access to one's person, or to knowledge about one's person.
Query:	An information request.	Who was born in the year 1994?
Query Language:	A special language for performing queries, more precise than the English language.	SQL
Real Time:	When a computer performs tasks immediately.	Queries performed in real time
Record:	In a database, the information relating to one person, product, or event.	Adam Gierc (with DOB, Location, Nationality,…)
Record Matching:	Compiling profiles by combining information from different database files by looking for a shared unique field.
Relational Database:	A program that allows files to be related to each other so changes in one file are reflected in other files automatically.
Report:	A database printout that is an ordered list of selected records and fields in an easy-to-read form.	Print out Adam Gierc’s record
Right to Privacy:	Freedom from interference into the private sphere of a person's affairs.
Search:	Looking for a specific record.	Search: Adam Gierc
Select (records):	Looking for all records that match a set of criteria.
Sort:	Arrange records in alphabetic or numeric order based on values in one or more fields.	Sort Client Records alphabetically (names)
SQL:	A query language available for many different database management systems. More than a query language, SQL also accesses databases from a wide variety of vendors.
Table:	A grid of rows and columns; on many Web pages tables with hidden grids are used to align graphical images.	Table of measurements
XML:	A programming language for Web sites that includes all of HTML's features plus many additional programming extensions. XML enables Web developers to control and display data the way they control text and graphics.

Chapter 11

Authoring tools - Software used to create multimedia presentations.

Lectora is an eLearning authoring tool that allows trainers to create engaging and interactive presentations.

Automated factory - A factory that uses extensive computer systems, robots, and networks to streamline and automate many jobs.

“Lights-out manufacturing” is a manufacturing methodology that requires no man power and can run with the lights off.

Automated offices - Offices that use extensive computer systems and networks to streamline information flow and automate many processes.

Innovative businesses apply modern office technologies to speed up its every day processes and let workers take care of the important parts such as engineering and programming. Google is an example of such a business.

Chief information officers (CIOs) - Along with chief technology officers (CTOs), the chief decision makers concerning enterprise computer systems and technology in a business enterprise.

A person responsible for IT related issue and project at any company

Chief technology officers (CTOs) - The chief decision maker in a business or organization, who is concerned with enterprise computer systems and technology.

A person responsible for IT related issue and project at any company

Computer-aided instruction (CAI) – Software programs for teaching that combine drill-and-practice software and tutorial software.

Computer monitoring - Using computer technology to track, record, and evaluate worker performance, often without the knowledge of the worker.

Courseware - Educational software.

Any software that can be used in an educational environment. (Caltrox)

De-skilled - Transformed in such a way that a job requires less skill.

Automation of processes can lead to this effect.

Distance education - Using computers, networks, and other technology to extend the educational process beyond the walls of a school, connecting students and faculty at remote locations.

Skype conferences between classes.

Distributed computing - Integrating all kinds of computers, from mainframes to PCs, into a single, seamless system.

Multinationals need to integrate all the devices used by their employees in one network.

Drill-and –practice software - Teaching software based on the principles of individualized rate, small steps, and positive feedback.

Beta versions of games or other programs.

Educational simulation - Software that enables students to explore artificial environments that are imaginary or based on reality. Most have the look and feel of a game, but they challenge students to learn through exploration, experimentation, and interaction with other students.

Educational games that simulate real world scenarios.

Edutainment - Programs geared toward home markets that combine education and entertainment.

Interactive programs, Games

Electronic commerce (e-commerce) - Business transactions through electronic networks.

Amazon, Flipkart, E-bay

Electronic cottage - A home in which modern technology enables a person to work at home.

Accessing companies servers for mails and fileservers.

Electronic sweatshops - Worker warehouses where most of the work is mindless keyboarding, computer monitoring is a common practice, wages are low and working conditions poor, and repetitive stress injuries are common.

Cuboid office with programmers

Extranet - A corporation's intranet that is opened up to work with strategic partners and customers.

Websites that can be accessed by customers or suppliers.

Filtering software - Software that, for the most part, keeps of fensive and otherwise inappropriate Web content from being viewed by children, on-duty workers, and others.

Spam filters from anti-virus software.

Globalization - The creation of global businesses and markets.

English being spoken all around the world as the business language.

Groupware - Software designed to be used by work groups rather than individuals.

Teamviewer (screensharing software)

Interactive - TV Broadcast television with built-in options for game playing or other forms of interactivity.

Different outcomes based on input from user. Games with various endings.

Intranets - A self-contained intraorganizational network that is designed using the same technology as the Internet.

A LAN network

Luddites - A nineteenth-century English labor group that smashed new textile machinery to protect their jobs; today the term is often used to describe someone who opposes new technology in general.

Angry people

Massively multiplayer online role playing game

Narrowcasting - Providing custom newscasts and entertainment features aimed at narrow groups or individuals.

Addressing narrow markets such as individual university radios and TV.

Paperless office – An office of the future in which magnetic and optical archives will replace reference books and file cabinets, electronic communication will replace letters and memos, and digital publications provided through the Internet and online services

will replace newspapers and other periodicals.

Environmentally friendly offices (modern offices such as Google)

Regional work centers - Shared offices established by corporations and government organizations in various locales to reduce commuting times.

Satellite office - Workplaces that enable workers to commute to smaller offices closer to their homes.

Small sub-offices

Smart card - A card that looks like a standard credit card but features an embedded microprocessor and memory instead of a magnetic strip.

Access cards or even new credit cards work based on this technology

Technophobia - The fear of technology.
That’s just stupid

Telecommuting - Working from home by modem, as do many programmers, accountants, and other information workers.

People that can’t be present at their workplace might use this working technique to work from home.

Up skilled - Transformed in such a way that a job requires more skill.

Chapter 9 – The Evolving Internet

Application server	A common type of Internet server that stores PC office applications, databases, or other applications and makes them available to client programs that request them.
Application service provider	A company that manages and delivers application services on a contract basis.
Cookie	Small files deposited on a user's hard disk by Web sites, enabling sites to remember what they know about their visitors between sessions.
Cyberspace	A term used to describe the Internet and other online networks, especially the artificial realities and virtual communities that form on them. First coined by William Gibson in his novel, Neuromancer.
Data-driven Web site	A Web site that can display dynamic, change able content without having constantly redesigned pages, due to an evolving database that separates the site's content from its design.
Dial-up connection	A connection to the Internet that uses a modem and standard phone lines.
Digital divide	A term that describes the divide between the people who do and do not have access to the Internet.
Dynamic IP address	An IP address that is assigned to a device when it connects to the internet; when that device disconnects from the Internet, the IP address may be reused.
Electronic money	A system for purchasing goods and services on the Internet without using credit cards.
Email server	A specialized server that acts like a local post office for a particular Internet host.
File server	In a LAN, a computer used as a storehouse for software and data that are shared by several users.
File transfer protocol	A communications protocol that enables users to download files from remote servers to their computers and to upload files they want to share from their computers to these archives.
Filtering software	Software that, for the most part, keeps offensive and otherwise inappropriate Web content from being viewed by children, on-duty workers, and others.
HTML	An HTML document is a text file that includes codes that describe the format, layout, and logical structure of a hypermedia document. Most Web pages are created with HTML.
Internet 2	An alternative Internet-style network that provides faster network communications for universities and research institutions.
Internet service provide	A business that provides its customers with connections to the Internet along with other services.
Internetworking	Connecting different types of networks and computer systems.
Java	A platform-neutral, object-oriented programming language developed by Sun Microsystems for use on multiplatform networks.
JavaScript	An interpreted scripting language, similar to but otherwise unrelated to Java that enables Web page designers to add scripts to HTML code.
Net neutrality	Also called network neutrality, it's the principle that Internet access should be free from restrictions related to the type of equipment being connected and the type of communication being performed with that equipment.
Open standards	Standards not owned by any company.
Packet-switching	The standard technique used to send information over the Internet. A message is broken into packets that travel independently from network to network toward their common destination, where they are reunited.
Plug-ins	A software extension that adds new features.
Pull technology	Technology in which browsers on client computers pull information from server machines. The browser needs to initiate a request before any information is delivered.
Push technology	Technology in which information is delivered automatically to a client computer. The user subscribes to a service and the server delivers that information periodically and unobtrusively. Contrast with pull technology.
RSS	An XML-based format for sharing data with aggregators, commonly used by bloggers.
Static IP address	An IP address assigned semi-permanently to a particular device connected to the Internet.
Streaming audio	Sound files that play without being completely downloaded to the local hard disk.
Streaming video	Video clip files that play while being downloaded.
Synchronized multimedia integration language	An HTML-like language designed to make it possible to link time-based streaming media so, for example, sounds, video, and animation can be tightly integrated with each other.
TCP/IP	1 Protocols developed as an experiment in internetworking, now the language of the Internet, allowing cross-network communication for almost every type of computer and network.
Uniform resource locator	The address of a Web site.
URL	The address of a Web site.
Web authoring software	Programs such as Adobe's Dreamweaver that work like desktop publishing page layout programs to allow users to create, edit, and manage Web pages and sites without having to write HTML code.
Web portal	A Web site designed as a Web entry station, offering quick and easy access to a variety of services.
Web server	A server that stores Web pages and sends them to client programs Web browsers that request them.
World wide web	Part of the Internet, a collection of multimedia documents created by organizations and users worldwide. Documents are linked in a hypertext Web that allows users to explore them with simple mouse clicks.
XHTML	Markup language that combines features of HTML and XML; its advantage is its backward compatibility with HTML.
XML	A programming language for Web sites that includes all of HTML's features plus many additional programming extensions. XML enables Web developers to control and display data the way they control text and graphics.